Rhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter...

After criticism from eight Alabama clergymen for his nonviolent demonstrations, Martin Luther King Jr. was compelled to enlighten them on the current issues plaguing the African American community. During his confinement in a Birmingham jail, King wrote Letter from a Birmingham Jail to address most of the clergymen s concerns about his protest. In his letter, King emphasized why his actions were not unwise or untimely and explained that now was the perfect moment to act. His studies and sermons, as a preacher and President of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, positioned him to utilize a great number of religious leaders philosophies to defend his peaceful demonstrations. King s argument was not limited to emotional appeal but flooded with logical evidence to back up his statements. King s masterpiece of a letter powerfully employed many rhetorical devices to heighten his argument for direct action. The power of fear and abuse towards a minority group for centuries can create a deep bitterness towards the oppressors. In the 1960s, restaurants, bathrooms, water fountains, and other public facilities were bombarded with nagging signs reading white and colored, and if a Negro dared to disobey the signs, [he] would become plagued with inner fear because not long after, vicious mobs would lynch or drown him and his family (King, par. 12). King intensely expressed how Negroes were not seen as equal to Whites. Negroes were seen merely as animals withShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1499 Words   |  6 Pagesgenre, and rhetorical situation. When reading critically we become acquainted with these concepts therefore become better writers ourselves. While learning about rhetorical writing and composition we have analyzed Billy Collins â€Å" Commencement Address at Choate- Rosemary Hall† , Martin Luther King Jr’s â⠂¬Å"letter from Birmingham Jail† and Lloyd Bitzer’s essay on â€Å"Rhetorical Situation†. In this paper I will analyze and make connections between the concepts of audience, genre and rhetorical situationRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1831 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasive writing is most effective when all three rhetorical appeals, Logos, Pathos, and Ethos, come together to form an indisputable argument. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X are two of the most influential figures of the past few decades; similarly, their work is summarized as some of the most persuasive and controversial of all time. The audience of both of their pieces, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† and â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† include oppressed African Americans and the white oppressorsRead MoreLetter From A Birmingham Jail972 Words   |  4 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Letter from a Birmingham Jail Racism is part of America’s history. Historical leaders like Martin Luther King, Jr. brought the Injustice problems to the light. King, Jr. â€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail confronts racism in the United States of America through his response letter to the clergymen criticism, while he is in jail due to holding a protest in Birmingham, Alabama. King, Jr. wrote â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† to defend the non-violent protest. He claims that the protestRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birmingham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead Moreâ€Å"Letters from a Birmingham Jail† Analysis of the Rhetorical Appeals1182 Words   |  5 Pagesemotion in the audience that compels them to leap out of their seats and take action. Martin Luther King Jr. attempted to do this when he wrote an open letter while in his jail cell after a peaceful debate against segregation. His lettered response was guided at a statement by eight white Alabama clergymen saying that segregation should be fought in court and not on the streets. King uses a combination o f three rhetorical appeals to accomplish his rhetor; ethical, logical and emotional. The three appealsRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail962 Words   |  4 Pagesintangible, it is still necessary. Some forms of inspiration come as passionate love while others appeal as injustice. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen. His inspiration for writing the letter was the clergymens unjust proposals and the letter allowed him to present his rebuttal. Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then using logosRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreaus Letter From A Birmingham Jail1605 Words   |  7 Pagesand The Letter from a Birmingham Jail by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and taking a closer look at their rhetorical devices and strategy’s. In Civil disobedience by Henry David Thoreau shows us the need to prioritize some one’s wellbeing over what the law says. American laws are criticized mostly over slavery and the Mexican-American war. In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† was written in response to a letter written by clergymen criticizing the actions of Dr. King and theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Letter From Birmingham Jail1052 Words   |  5 Pagesracial discrimination is? A Rhetorical Analysis of Letter From Birmingham Jail It is known to all that Martin Luther King is a famous person in America, who strongly goes against the racial discrimination all the time. Here, in this letter, Letter from Birmingham Jail, it is easy for us to realize that racial discrimination appears and the non-violence action is still serious at that time. As a matter of fact, this letter is coming from the people in the Birmingham jail, stating their inner thoughtsRead More Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail In his essay Letter from Birmingham Jail, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. disproves the assumptions of people that believe racism is acceptable when he compares the maltreatment of blacks to the inhumane treatment of the Jews by Hitler. King establishes a relationship with his audience by connecting on a level that is larger than the exploitation of African Americans rights. He forces his readers to think aboutRead MoreCritical Analysis: Letter from Birmingham Jail1191 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis Essay â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† In arguing, writers use different techniques to effectively convey their message to their intended audience. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen in which King’s presence in Birmingham and his methods of public demonstration were questioned. King’s letter was not only a response to his presence in Birmingham, but he also used the opportunity to address the

Lawrence Working Capital Program Lawrence - 1327 Words

Kimberly Hopkins Assignment #3 July 15, 2015 Lawrence Working Capital Program Lawrence, Massachusetts is an industrial city located 26 miles north of Boston. As Lawrence continued to grow over time, immigrants from Puerto Rico and Dominican Republican seek a gateway for employment opportunities within the United States. Once the population increased in Lawrence the job market decreased and the population was served as a source of low-wage labors such; as traditional manufacturing firms and small businesses. Lawrence Low-wage labor resulted in reconstructing the city’s economic development plan to meet the growing demand of the city. The city of Lawrence Economic Development goal is to create an environment within the City of Lawrence that is conducive to both business and residential activity, in turn attracting and leveraging additional private investment. The priorities of the Economic Development Division include: †¢ Building the vitality of the downtown core through the creation of new residential, business, retail, cultural and entertainment opportunities. †¢ Strengthening neighborhood centers with new residential and retail alternatives. †¢ Improving connections between and among the City s many economic generators. †¢ Marketing Lawrence’s assets to the region and beyond. Therefore, the Lawrence Minority Business Council (LMBC) and the Lawrence Working Capital (LWC) was organized to help generate multiple small businesses and to help increase employments rate inShow MoreRelatedBuster Business Plan Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesDebra J. Lawrence LA6525017 Management 190-SP Entrepreneurship Business Plan BUSINESS PLAN Buster’s Retail Store 1501 Maple St P.O. 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Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere,​and all are subject in oneRead MoreA Report On Human Resources Management867 Words   |  4 Pagesjustification on the recommendations for selection to backfill two (2) current vacant positions for the Human Resources Specialist, GS-201-12/13 full performance potential GS-14 within Human Resources Management (HRM), Human Resources Office of Operations, Programs and Policy (H ROPP), Staffing Policy and Compensation Division, and certificates of eligibles issued on October 15, 2015. Subsequently, on November 16, 2015, this office received notification that an employee, occupying an existing GS-201-14 positionRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1577 Words   |  7 Pagesindependent system for the people in South Vietnam, but what’s a major accomplishment without a minor setback? In this case, unfortunately, the Saigon movement was already losing to the Viet Cong. Then things worsened Hanoi, the North Vietnamese capital, began sending soldiers to the south via the famous Ho Chi Minh trail. Brief Communist Perspective: As many could speculate, it is difficult to fully understand why an event took place without really analyzing every single aspect of it. With thatRead MoreEarned Income Tax Credit Evaluation Essay4039 Words   |  17 PagesEarned Income Tax Credit Evaluation Meyer (2010) states that since the birth of the EITC in 1975 it has grown dramatically in size and is now the largest antipoverty program for the non-aged in the United States. 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Robin Hood Case Study Discussion Free Essays

1. Describe how Robin Hood developed his initial strategy for competing with the sheriff of Nottingham and discuss how he implemented it. Critique this approach. We will write a custom essay sample on Robin Hood Case Study Discussion or any similar topic only for you Order Now The original problem definition of high taxation that faced the people gave way for a new market which was stormed by Robin Hood. Seemingly an unlawful act, his mission was to â€Å"steal from the rich, and give to the poor†. As he entered the market, he was faced with rivalry of the prince and the sheriff. Robin Hood and his band of Merry men stole from the rich and gave to the poor which is in actuality is entirely opposite to the actions of his rivals. As Robin Hood entered the existing niche market he gained popularity and support amongst the common folk as he was supplying a unique good/service. He provides a free service to the poor after his operating expenses are accounted for. Also, the people had a preference for his product and tactics were not easily matched or copied by the competition. By obtaining this support, this strategy was to his advantage against Prince John and the sheriff. The opinion of numerous common folk would have persuaded Prince John to change the law of unfair taxation. Robin quickly realized that there was little he could do himself; which led to development of the organization by stimulating human resources. He sought close allies who would follow his vision of vengeance for the sheriff and the prince. These men would act as direct subordinates, however as time progress, admittance was allowed with less scrutiny whereby the only determining factor was loyalty. He believed strength lay in numbers. Robin implemented his strategy of ‘strength in numbers’ by seeking discipline from his band of men which ensured unity in the organization. This was achieved through a specific department within the organizational hierarchy. As a result they became more powerful in their battle against the sheriff. This forced the Merry Men to live outside the law which was also desired to gain sufficient discipline in the group. This organization was fairly simple. Critique By acquiring a large extent of subordinates, Robin obtained a work force that is not necessarily trained as he allowed any to join who asked few questions. In doing so, extra man-hours would have to be spent in training. Also if prescreening of the new entrants existed, the idea of using the entrants with existing skills can give way for a more efficient organization. I. e. farmers would have been used not for war but for food. As the largest internal dilemma faced the band was an increased group size infrastructure, supplies and other physical resources would quickly diminish. Thus cutting cost should be priority, thus tradeoffs can be made by employing skilled workers for defined job. E. g. famers and hunters With the ideal of improper interview, his organization could be easily infiltrated by his competitors thus relieving their plan and strategies. . Identify organizational characteristics and environment characteristics that would lead you to think robin hood is wise to considering a change in strategy as he enters his campaign second year? Robin’s organization could be seen as one of a hierarchy, he is the highest person in the organization which can put him in roles such as C. E. O. or chairman. His responsibility is to delegate specific task to his lieutenants, each has their own functions which contributes to the success of the merry men as a unit. For example Will Scarlett was assigned the important task of shadowing the sheriff and notifying the merry men of the sheriff next move. Figure 1: Robin’s Organizational Hierarchy The motivation of the band was vital to keeping them interested in the purpose of the vendetta. Motivation theory seeks to explain all kinds of motivated behavior in different situations, including behavior in the organizations. Since the majority of behavior is sense motivated, individuals are greatly influenced by their environment. Maslow’s theory of human motivation, all people have a need or desire for self respect, self esteem, and respect from others. This directly applies to the Merry Men, for they sought respect and were proud of their famous motto â€Å"Rob from the rich and give to the poor†. The resourced based model was important in the success of the group; five factors were looked at which the band demonstrated resources, capability, competitive advantage, attractive industry, strategy formulation and implementation. The resource of the group came from the merchants that travel through the forest, initially the resource was always available but t was quickly becoming sparse as merchants was choosing a different route. The men were properly trained to plan their robbery and skillful in their archery, however, the influxes of new recruits were beginning to strain the reserves of the group as training and food was costly. Robin and the merry men had the support from their customers which were the peasants and farmers but now as income was low and the maintenance cost was high they would have to tax the very people which they helped meaning that the peasants and farmers could turn on them and add to their troubles. Understanding the resource base of the group I could see why a change in strategy was wise. Figure 2: Resourced Based Model Robin and his organization were in crisis due to lack of a proper corporate strategy. The merry men were growing, with large number of new recruits but the organic structure is not cohesive. Communication and discipline is being broken down, table 3 below shows some options robin could use and their SWOT analysis. | Opportunities | Threats | Strengths| SO Strategies: Kill the Sheriff * Wipe him out, no more problems * Has the men to do it When the sheriff is gone, disband. ST Strategies: Join the barons * Has the fighting force * Get access to capital markets * Maybe ends the conflict quicker| Weakness | WO Strategies: Limit size of band * Turn the fighting band into a group of elites * Maintains discipline * Solves food issues * Basically, curtail growth| WT Strategies: Disband * Give up the cause, return to normal life * Robin flees to another country to escap e punishment| Figure 3: SWOT Matrix Problems Robin and his organization faced: * Lack of discipline Maintenance cost * Shelter/space shortage * Food shortage * training * security and vigilance (whoever wanted to join was taken in and there could be traitors and spies) These problems need to be address if the band is to have any chance against the sheriff and prince John. 3. Assume that Robin Hood has asked you to help him devise a new strategy. Identify a set of factors for him to consider in revising strategy. It was evident from the story that Robin Hood needed to change his approach owing to both internal and external factors. An uncontrolled workforce along with unsuitable supplier location led to the brink of economic viability. Changing the overall goal of his organization to fixed transit taxation would decrease his competitive advantage over the Sheriff. As a result the cost of amenities which Mr. Hood provided to the common folk would increase. If he chooses this path he would lose his loyal supporters which kept him in control of the monopolized market. The farmers and townspeople would then favor Prince John’s governance and rely on his pity for commodities. In the event of this situation Robin Hood’s main foe, The Sheriff would become stronger in light of his political connection with the prince. Although his work force was constantly growing, its productivity was diminutive. He claimed that he was not familiar with a large population of his organization. It would be in Robin’s best interest to restructure his work force. He would gain an advantage by decentralizing the team into several self sustaining units; each unit consisting of team manager, lieutenants and miscellaneous subordinates. Akin to a franchised organization, each team unit would be operating under the Robin Hood brand name, have the same goal as Robin, and operate within the limits of Robin. This structure would be less demanding to co-ordinate and allow him to devise alternate strategies. Since Robin also had a problem with a definitive Sherwood Forest location, this structure would also aid his disguise from his suppliers, the rich merchant travelers and the Sheriff. It is an imprudent choice for Robin to divert from his core competency and profound skill of banditry. The change in profession may lead to a lack of enthusiasm which would reflect poorly through the eyes of his followers and his brand name. References: Analyzing Strategic Management Cases http://www. pdftop. com/view/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5hdWJ1cm4uZWR1LyU3RWNiZjAwMDIvZmlsZXMvQ2FzZSUyMEFuYWx5c2lzLnBwdA== Date Accessed: 02nd February 2011 The Business Operations of Robin Hood and the Merry men Author: Sumeet Malhotra http://www. scribd. com/doc/13627015/Robin-Hood-Case-Study Date updated: 2010 Date Accessed: 05th February 2011 ROBIN HOOD a Case Study Author: Misti Walker http://www. scribd. com/doc/21176061/Robin-Hood-Case-Study Date updated: 05th September 2009 Date Accessed: 05th February 2011 Case Study 24 Robin Hood Book Winning In The Market Place Second Edition http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Case-Study-24-Robin-Hood-Book/178732 Date update: 2011 Date Accessed: 07th February 2011 Robin Hood Case Analysis Author: Aaron labin, Curt Matthews, Rich Miller http://www. scribd. com/doc/37469551/Robin-Hood-Final Date updated: 14th April 2009 Date Accessed: 07th February 2011 How to cite Robin Hood Case Study Discussion, Free Case study samples

Language and Learning for Discipline Unmistakable Learning Structure

Question: Describe about the Language and Learning for Discipline for Unmistakable Learning Structure. Answer: Introduction A learning plan adds to working up an unmistakable learning structure. A mix of a learning course of action and reflection can achieve more noticeable headway towards meeting perceived destinations (Merriam, Caffarella Baumgartner, 2012). This report plans to give a selfevaluation of my learning headway and association in my first session of learning at school. There are four acknowledging needs that are investigated in this report and they are improving my educational writing, referencing, and fundamental instinct capacities and furthermore developing an advanced mindset. These adjusting needs are discussed in association with my goals; systems and resources used; recognized prerequisites and enabling impacts; and an appraisal of results and reflection. This report in like manner consolidates a talk of oral presentations and the academic aptitudes required in my concentration, specifically Language Improve my Academic Writing Academic English writing is a linear exercise having a central theme, and every aspects pointing to the main topic, excluding repetitions and deviations. Its main purpose is to enlighten and not amuse, and remains factual. The piece is composed around the main theme, providing the key data. It is actually a standard on paper form of the language and it ought to be accurate and precise (Bailey, 2014). Academic writing mainly has eight kinds of characteristics, which are discussed below: Complexity Standard writing is relatively more complex and diverse than the language we speak daily. Vocabulary is varied, lexically dense, and words used are longer than usual. Academic writing consists mainly of noun-based phrases rather than verb-based phrases, and the use of subordinate clauses and passives are much more frequent than spoken language. Grammatically also these writings are more complex (Staples et al., 2016). Formality In the same context as complexity, formality is a crucial characteristic of academic writing. In no case, colloquial expressions or words could be used, thus making the degree of formality in the piece of writing quite high (Sword, 2012). Precision Academic writing ought to be precise, figurative and factual, as much as possible so that nothing is left out for further interpretation. Objectivity Academic writing is supposed to be impersonal and objective, and must focus on the main theme and arguments, instead of the author. It is why these kinds of writings are noun-based instead of being verb-based or adverb-based (Murray, 2013). Explicitness Explicitness is an important aspect of academic writing. The script is clear, all the parts of the text refer clearly to the main topic, and signaling words are used to maintain the relation between the parts. Accuracy General spoken English is not as accurate as academic writing. In academic writing accurate use of vocabulary is a must, and words used are specific and distinctive (Lan, 2015). Responsibility In academic writing, the author has to be responsible for his or her claims, and ready with proper evidence and justification for those. Assumptions are not allowed and proper sources are to be accredited (Goodson, 2016). Hedging Academic writers use hedging, a technique implemented by writers to approach a topic and make strong and justified claims about it. Different topics claim different approaches (Grer, 2013). In this context, my main goals for Academic writing were to write clear, concise paragraphs and convey the meaning accurately. Learning to paraphrase information was an important objective. My strategies to achieve these goals were to study the lectures and tutorials relating to academic writing skills, paraphrase data provided in guides, notes and readings, and then take time to compose a draft assessment. In addition, I aimed to acquaint myself with University levels of academic language and styles. While implementing these strategies I faced constraints like unfamiliarity with University standard academic writing and my inability to present my thoughts into words. However, I received the support of my family members for proofreading, and my time management skills and ease of internet use assisted me further. With help, I improved my academic writing skills and I would aim to keep evolving it throughout my academic career. My academic language usage has improved, which resulted in better marks and feedbacks. My time management skills improved and so has my understanding and conveying of ideas on paper. Learn to Reference in APA 6th Edition Academic integrity is the foundation of anyones academic career and is the stepping-stone for professional and individual veracity. Scholars depend on each other to present their work while conducting peer reviewing. High level of honesty ought to be reflected in the work in which the works of others may back some parts. For that, proper acknowledgement via referencing and citations has to be done, keeping in mind to make the work as original as possible (Bretag et al., 2014). For avoiding plagiarism using direct quotation from the referenced articles, paraphrasing and utilizing the concepts of others is necessary. Using quotation marks, while using exact words or phrases, and providing proper citation is required. Complete attribution has to be provided. To avoid plagiarism, using APA style format, quotation marks for exact words, in-text citation consisting of authors family name, year of publication and page numbers, and the complete reference aspects of the source used in the reference list at the end of the assignment, must be provided. While paraphrasing, the cited works concept and topic has to be analyzed and then developed into words, instead of just changing the words of the text here and there. In this case also citation is necessary. We can reference books, journals, magazines, reports, and websites and so on (Bakhtiyari et al., 2014). In this context, my main objectives were to be able to recognize any sort of plagiarism, conspiracy and instances of cheating, and being able to accurately reference works using APA 6th edition and to not being accused of plagiarizing. I planned to attend lectures and review tutorials to grasp the meaning of academic integrity, APA style formatting and referencing, while constantly practicing paraphrasing and using direct quotes in assignments. While implementing the strategy I was unaware of plagiarism and citation methods. I gained knowledge from tutorials and study guides. My knowledge of using Turnitin the text matching software helped me recognize possible academic transgression. The whole process has helped me learn much about academic integrity, and all my misconceptions were rectified. I learned how to practice integrity and avoid plagiarism. It enabled me to understand other referencing styles too. I learnt paraphrasing and direct quoting, and taking responsibility of my w ork. My fear of referencing has subsided. Develop a Growth Mindset Growth Mindset is the belief of people that their most fundamental capacities could be enhanced through perseverance and hard work, intellect and aptitude being just the origin. This belief produces an inclination for learning and a flexibility that is crucial for great success. Students mindset plays a principal role in their inspiration and accomplishment, and developing a students mindset can boost their accomplishments. If students go through a planned program, they can improve their knowledge and skills and do better. Having students concentrate on the learning plan can promote their growth mindset and its profits (Dweck, 2007). Students having a growth mindset experience less negative influence on performance. The growth mindset is helpful in making me feel good while following both long term and short-term objectives. It is helpful in making me thrive in tests and setbacks on my way to learning. Praising efforts helps in feeling encouraged, and pushes to do better. The growth mindset is useful in closing achievement gaps instead of just covering them up (Teague, 2016). In this context, my main objectives were to achieve the pass marks in the subject and to continue maintaining average performance throughout my academic career. I also aimed to recognize my style of learning, and how I can implement that style in my personal life, as well as the professional one. For accomplishing my objectives, I referred to Dwecks learning theory of Growth Mindset vs. Fixed Mindset for positive reinforcement. I also reviewed lecture notes, study guides and tutorials to understand the different forms of learning. I aimed to build an elevated self-efficiency through triumphs in assessments. My approaches were met with some constraints like surmounting low self-efficiency resultant from prior defeats and exposure to fixed mindset learning style (Kolb Kolb, 2005). I overcame these constraints by dedication and commitment towards achieving a growth mindset, and strong time management and organizational skills. Throughout the assignment, I tried to be as diligent as pos sible with my lessons, attendance, tasks and learning, trying to learn enough and improve through toiling and perseverance. I took the required steps to attain my objectives, putting up short-term goals, taking small steps. I tried to overcome my self-doubt, and strived to gain victory. I still keep track of my tasks and still develop my habits to better my prospects. Characteristics of a Successful Oral Presentation I once gave an oral presentation for a previous assignment I had to complete at the University. At the end of the presentation, I was mortified of my performance. It was the first time I was addressing such a huge audience, and the topic was relatively new to me. In addition to that, I suffer from anxiety and fear during any kind of public speaking and I have problems with memorizing. That was one horrible experience for me. Effective oral presentations are crucial, as they are instant method for communication. They offer better opportunities to comprehend the context and are a way of gaining instant feedback. It is transparent, and provides the audience the chance to judge for themselves. For polishing such a beneficial action, certain strategies must be implemented to deliver better results. For giving a successful oral presentation, the speaker must do proper homework and practice a lot. The structuring should be organized and to-the-point. The speaker must pay attention to looking presentable, and then not just read out a flat presentation. The topic has to be actually presented. He has to be tactical, and manage the given time span properly and effectively. In addition a little bit of comic relief is acceptable. The speaker must aim to connect with the audience, be relaxed and welcome interactions for crowd engagement. All these, if followed would end up in a effective oral presentation (De Grez, Va lcke Roozen, 2012). Conclusion This whole learning plan was chalked out to assist me in following my career goal effectively. I started out with an aim to improve my academic writing skills and knowledge, learn how to provide unplagiarized work, how to properly acknowledge the aids I am receiving from my peers, develop a positive growth mindset and learn how to give an effective oral presentation. I got help from my tutorials and study guides and my professors to build this plan and develop myself into a scholar, having a positive learning style and with a prospect of achieving success in my professional career. Recommendations To improve my learning needs, be a successful university student and gain assistance in my career after finishing university I need to improve the skills on which I lack on. I am unfamiliar with academic writing styles and conveying of thoughts in words. For that I need to practice more, and read more. I am unaware about different referencing formats and plagiarism methods. For that, also I need to follow university guides and practice writing. I was unexposed to growth mindset and had a negative outlook on life. Moreover, I had low self-efficiency. For this, I have to maintain a positive outlook on life, read motivational books and articles and look out for support from family members. References Bailey, S. (2014).Academic writing: A handbook for international students. Routledge. Bakhtiyari, K., Salehi, H., Embi, M. A., Shakiba, M., Zavvari, A., Shahbazi-Moghadam, M., ... Mohammadjafari, M. (2014). Ethical and unethical methods of plagiarism prevention in academic writing.International Education Studies,7(7), 52-62. Bretag, T., Mahmud, S., Wallace, M., Walker, R., McGowan, U., East, J., ... James, C. (2014). Teach us how to do it properly!An Australian academic integrity student survey.Studies in Higher Education,39(7), 1150-1169. De Grez, L., Valcke, M., Roozen, I. (2012). How effective are self-and peer assessment of oral presentation skills compared with teachers assessments?.Active Learning in Higher Education,13(2), 129-142. Dweck, C. S. (2007). The secret to raising smart kids.Scientific American Mind,18(6), 36-43. Goodson, P. (2016).Becoming an academic writer: 50 exercises for paced, productive, and powerful writing. Sage Publications. Grer, A. (2013). Hedging in Academic Writing. Kolb, A. Y., Kolb, D. A. (2005). Learning styles and learning spaces: Enhancing experiential learning in higher education.Academy of management learning education,4(2), 193-212. Lan, N. T. (2015). The Effect of Task Type on Accuracy and Complexity in IELTS Academic Writing.VNU Journal of Science: Foreign Studies,31(1). Merriam, S. B., Caffarella, R. S., Baumgartner, L. M. (2012).Learning in adulthood: A comprehensive guide. John Wiley Sons. Murray, R. (2013).Writing for academic journals. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Staples, S., Egbert, J., Biber, D., Gray, B. (2016). Academic Writing Development at the University Level Phrasal and Clausal Complexity Across Level of Study, Discipline, and Genre.Written Communication,33(2), 149-183. Sword, H. (2012).Stylish academic writing. Harvard University Press. Teague, M. (2016). How can primary school teachers influence a childs growth mindset in mathematics?.School of Education and Childhood,1, 41.

Extract of India Hospitality Essay Example

Extract of India Hospitality Essay The modern India’s economy relies heavily on tourism and hospitality Industry. With the spirit of â€Å"Atithi devo bhava† (Banerjee, 2008, pp. 372), which means â€Å"Guest is God†, Indian treats their guest with enthusiasm and passion. One of the example of the special features that make visitors feel warm and being care is receiving garland from host family. In Indian’s knowledge, garland, or lei in India, is a tool to express the thankful and joyful to honourable person. In hospitality, guests are the one they respect most. Alexis (eHow, 2012, para. 2), Bosrock (1994, cited in eDiplomat, para. 5) and India Travelite (Indiatravelite, para. 8) note that giving garland to guests is a way to give the message of respect and honour from host. Making a garland requires complicated procedure. Saveoncrafts (Saveoncrafts, n. d. ) discuss about the detail of how to make different kinds of garland, some of which demand much time. Siddharth (Instructables, 2010) us e pictures to demonstrate the complexity of making flower garland. With the numerous steps in the making of a garland, Indian shows their sincere and effort in treating their guest in a superior way. Therefore, garland itself can be seen as a feature to show their hospitality. Applying Hofstedes cultural dimension, this can be seen as high Power distance, with the index of 77 (Hofstede, 2001, pp. 57). By Hofstede (2001, pp. 83-84), a region with high Power distance means there is an unequal distribution of power or social status and is acceptable to that society. Such society can be said to have a strong hierarchy, with large gap in respect and authority in different status. The feature of high power distance index can also be experienced in the hospitality industry. With the warm message behind garland, Indian treats the guest as predominant. They use flower garland, which often used in traditional festivals, to please their guest. This attitude towards visitor meets the meaning of â€Å"Guest is God†. Thus, there is a difference of status in between host and guests. The guests represent a premium status and host has to take good care about them. By examining the way India treats their visitors, one can easily see that there is a strong respect and appreciation from the host up to guests. We will write a custom essay sample on Extract of India Hospitality specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Extract of India Hospitality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Extract of India Hospitality specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As mentioned above, making flower garland involve numerous steps which are quite complicated, still Indian host spend their time in doing it. Giving a garland to guests is only a tiny action, but the meaning behind it gives a memorable experience to them. Guest may feel comfortable and willing to come again in the future. These are significant symbols of delivering a warm blessing to their distinguished guests. References: Alexis W. (2012). In Ehow. Indian Traditions amp; Holidays. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/list_6395589_indian-traditions-holidays. tml Banerjee S. (2008). Dimensions of Indian culture, core cultural values and marketing implications: An analysis. Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 15 (4), 367 – 378. Bosrock, M. M. (1994). Put your best foot forward: Asia. International Education Systems, St. Paul, Minnesota. eDiplomat. (n. d. ). India Cultural Etiquette. Retrieved from http://www. ediplomat. com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_in. htm Geert Hofstede. (n. d. ). What about India. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede. com/india. html Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Sage Publications, Incorporated, 57, 83-84 India Travelite. (n. d. ). Indian Customs amp; Traditions. Retrieved from http://www. indiatravelite. com/feature/indiancustoms. htm Saveoncrafts. (n. d. ). How to Make Floral Garlands. Retrieved from http://www. save-on-crafts. com/tecformakgar. html Siddharth. (2010). How to make a Gajra (Traditional Indian garland). Retrieved from http://www. instructables. com/id/How-to-make-a-Gajra-Traditional-Indian-garland/step4/null/

Blacks migrated to the North

Blacks migrated to the North for many of the following reasons; Treatment of Blacks in the South was horrible. The courts were unjust and failed to seek convictions in the unfair lynching of Blacks. Blacks had close to no privileges because of tough and unfair segregation laws. After the depression in the South, lasted from 1914-1915, wages dropped to be no higher that $.75 per day. At the same time agents from the North were persuading Blacks to migrate. This was because the immigration numbers dropped from 1 million to 300,000 that year. Finally between the summer flood of 1915 and the boll weevil to cotton crops of 1915 and 1916, Blacks felt a better life could be sought in the North. The migration was upsetting to both the White Southerners and Northerners. The South was falling apart. There were no plantation workers or house servants. Intimidation was used as a way to scare the Blacks into staying in the South. Equality was even offered as a way to convince Blacks to remain in the South. Finally, migration agencies were assessed a $1,000 license fee. Blacks were not exactly welcomed in North. Rioting in the North was just as viscous and recurrent as it was in the South. Some towns tolerated blacks settling there, others did not. Syracuse, Ohio forbade any blacks to settle there. It was assumed that Blacks would decrease wages in the North. Employers had to constantly mediate conflict between the white and black factory workers. Blacks experienced segregation in the North as well; Blacks were forced to live in sectioned areas of most towns. The living conditions were unfair. Recreation facilities were segregated or simply did not permit th! e entrance of blacks at all. As Blacks migrated so did the Klu Klux Klan, they wanted to ensure that the Negro knew its place no matter where they lived.

The role of the CIA in the government of Cheddi Jagan (1950-1960) Essay

The role of the CIA in the government of Cheddi Jagan (1950-1960) - Essay Example nt review whereby the area of specialization has widened as a result of the passing of various acts as well as creation of more powerful offices within its administrative structure thereby making it one of the most important security organs in the US. In its history, the agency has been noted to have interfered with several democratic processes in foreign countries such as British Guiana, Chile etc (Weiner 2007 p 51). This essay is a critical evaluation of the CIA’s role in the government of Cheddi Jagan between the years 1950 and 1960. Cheddi Jagan is a renowned politician in the history of the former British Guyana, which later changed its name to Guiana. He is remembered for driving his country to independence through a long struggle, which took him with the support of his wife, American born Janet Jagan both of whom acquired the seat of the president in the country, approximately 28 years to accomplish (Mars 2004 p 16). Born on March 22, 1918, Cheddi Jagan grew up to be a well educated man and ventured into the career of dental medicine after which he transformed into a champion for human rights especially after joining and taking over as the leader of the sugar, rice and wood worker’s union after which he was elected to the national assembly. This gave him the opportunity to address the issues which he felt were against the welfare of the common man and in order to be in a better position to express his views as well as to serve his people he and his wife formed the People’s Progressive Party in 1947 (Mars 2004 p 22). This enabled him to bargain for higher positions in the government and in 1950 he was appointed to the cabinet as chief minister. Even though he had his people’s interests at heart, Cheddi Jagan had a sour relationship with the US due to the fact that he seemed to be more bent towards Marxism and Leninism way of thinking (Rabe 2005 p 47). His coming back to power after a six months imprisonment saw him acquire the portfolio of prime

You can choose the topic you want Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

You can choose the topic you want - Essay Example VanderLans and Licko provided a stage in which artful typographic configurations could be explored to their greatest effect (Chwast, 235) while amateurs have introduced both a splash of new excitement and creativity as well as a cause for concern for the future expectations of quality. With the help of computers, fonts have introduced to the population at large and have allowed individuals to explore letterforms to the fullest extent of legibility. The introduction of graphics specific software like Adobe Photoshop symbolized a breakthrough in graphic design freedom and paved the way for ever more sophisticated programs such as 3DS Max and Macromedia Flash. With these tools, designers are now able to create nearly realistic 3D worlds within the confines of the computer. The degree of realism afforded through such features as lighting, shading and texturing has also sparked new areas of graphic design growth, specifically in the areas of animation and game design. With the advent of the computer, the world was introduced to an awesome new toy that could come up with all kinds of new tricks. One of these new tricks was an ever-increasing ability to digitally produce artwork that could then be manipulated to any degree and reproduced in precise detail any number of times. It was easily manipulated to fit all types of sizes and formats, instantly accessible from numerous sources and quickly printed in a variety of media at once. These attributes meant digital illustration became the wave of the future for graphic design as well as many other forms of art media. It was the perfect solution to advertising needs and the ultimate expression of precise control. As software became more advanced and more user friendly, a greater number of individuals with an idea of an image found it possible to create their own ‘artwork’ simply by following the step-by-step instructions of tutorials or copying and pasting elements of other people’s artwork into their own

Vietnamese Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Vietnamese Market - Essay Example Enforcement is primarily in the form of agreed upon termination for non-performance. For Boeing, cooperation with businesses abroad is becoming significantly evident as an alternative response. In an alliance, both companies share some risk in the investments they have made, financially or otherwise, in the common activity. Technical training or startup assistance agreements require involvement of the two organizations over the period of time which covers the training period and can be terminated by prearrangement. The degree of involvement is defined by that which is needed to support a small training team in a foreign location for what is usually a short time. A joint-venture strategy predicates a long and indeterminate lifetime for the alliance and requires only limited commitment. For Motorola, marketing subsidiary would help to penetrate the market and remain competitive for a long-time. Marketing subsidiary is an effective way for a company to overcome import restrictions and p olitical instability. Market penetration is likely to be greater than under exporting, and profit potentials are larger than with licensing. The costs of R&D are spread over more units, as are the centralized expenses. The parent company, in the process of producing and then selling overseas, learns about foreign markets and ways of doing business overseas (Tayeb 2000; Arnold & Quelch, 1996). 2. Vietnam is the third fast growing country in the world with the population 85,262,356 (International Data Base 2007). Statistical results suggest that Vietnam has a hogh rate of population growth in contrast to other countries. In 2000, its population was 79,060,410, and it is predicted that in 2050 it reaches 107,772,641 (International Data Base 2007). An increase in population growth rate has both a positive and negative impart on three companies. On the one hand, an increase in the population growth rate has a negative, 'resource swallowing' effect that depresses the level of per capita income; since the propensity to save also has a positive impact on the level of per capita income, it becomes important to determine the influence of the population growth rate on the fraction of income saved; three companies need to consider that countries (like Vietnam) with higher rates of population growth should tend to have lower levels of per capita income. For three companies, population growth proposes opportunities: entering the new market, they should take into account decreased consumption per capita income and increased labor market (Tayeb 2000). Also, the companies should be aware of cultural differences and strong corporate culture. In Vietnam HRM is the prerogative of senior management. HRM has elevated human resource issues to a position of key strategic importance. The main opportunity for the company is that the Vietnamese like to try something new. In societies like Vietnam the power distance is large and formed the basis of social relations. It is important to note that collectivistic society shows concern for a much wider group and emphasize belongingness which can extend to organizations. Uncertainty avoidance is the extent to which members of a society feel uncomfortable with uncertainty. These variables shape the values and hence the behavior of people and their consumption patterns. Language differences and brand perception is another area of conc ern for three American companies. In global

Comparing Different Versions Of Batman Film Studies Essay

Comparing Different Versions Of Batman Film Studies Essay My aim for this essay is to analyse and compare different versions of the Batman film. Ive decided to compare the 1966 Batman to the 1989 Batman and The Dark Knight, which was released in 2008. I wish to look at how these films have been made, how Batmans reputation has changed over the years and how they compare to the original comic books. Batman made his first appearance in Detective Comics in 1939; he was the caped crusader who went against the criminals of the underworld who killed his parents. In the early comics, the drawings showed a grim tone and nourish use of bold blocks of black ink (Sabin, 1996, p.61). However, later on the comics were progressively lightened in order to draw a younger relationship; a trend which culminated in the 1960s where the comics became camp comedies to reflect the amazingly successful television series (Sabin, 1996, pp. 61-62). Wikipedia (2008) Man Who Laughs [Online] Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manwholaughs.jpg (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) BD Comics (1999) Batman- No Mans Land [Online] Available at: http://bdcomics.bdgamers.net/2007/06/13/batman-no-mans-land/ (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) The 1966 Batman was a film adaptation of the 60s TV series; it had budget of $1,377,800. In the film, there are no shots of skyscrapers or any buildings that resemble the scenery in the comic books. The costumes in this film are basic; the villains are all dressed in suits and Batman and Robins costumes look cheaply made, compared to the most recent film; this shows the difference in budget. The make-up is very basic; the Joker has a ghostly white face and red drawn on smile; no prosthetics are used on him. The Penguin has a prosthetic nose to make it freakishly long and pointy, however the rest of the characters have normal day to day make-up on. The fight scenes in the film are unrealistic, fake punches are thrown between characters, with words such as URKK and OUCH entering the shot is big letters: The TV show was definitely dopey, comedy and slapstick substituting for anything remotely violent or suspenseful. It even offered the surreal bonk/zap title cards to amplify the fun. (Gibron, 2008) This makes the fighting look comical and amusing. However it does match the comic book style of fighting and was what was acceptable to be shown in the film and TV series at the time. Still from TV 1960s series Batman (1966) Batman Generation : Batman 1960s TV Series [Online] Available at: http://movie-collections-on-dvd.blogspot.com/ (Accessed: 10th November 2010) The sidekick Robin appears in this film. I think his presence makes Batman look less macho, it implies that he needs back up, this may have been the reason he wasnt written into the series of films that followed decades later. In comparison to films today; it is very naive, in one scene a very toy looking shark is used as a prop and in the Bat cave every machine or piece of equipment is labelled. Heath, R (2008) The Dark Knight 2010 [Online] Available at: http://www.ferdyonfilms.com/?m=200807 (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) Clara, H (2010) Entertainment [Online] Available at: http://www.mylifetime.com/lifestyle/entertainment/lewis-wilson-michael-keaton-and-val-kilmer-batman (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) In 1989 Batman was released, it was the first of a series of feature films starring Batman which were produced by the Warner Bros; it had a budget of $35,000,000. This film strayed away from the 1966 camp version, Beyond Hollywood emphasises this point by saying: Before 1989, unless you were an avid comic book reader, you probably viewed Batman as a clownish superhero, trading punches and quips with bad guys with his youthful assistant Robin faithfully at his side. He was campy, a bit dull, and never dangerous. That is, until the summer of 1989, when Tim Burton arrived to changed all that. (Beyond Hollywood, 2004) Gotham City is dark and gothic looking; the buildings are dingy and old. The shapes of the buildings resemble the comic book images; they dont look like any usual American city. Lots of smoke is used in the setting, it reminds me of backdrops in a theatre production. The joker also matches very well with the comic book illustrations; the make-up cleverly allows the actor to have a fixed smile. He puts on a show and prides himself on being theatrical, using joke shop type gags, i.e. a flower that squirts poisonous gas and a buzzer which he attaches to his hand to electrocute his victim. The music, which is often played as a backing to the joker, is almost the same as you might hear in the circus, everything about it is comical. Neumaier, J. (2008) Jack Nicholson warned Health Ledger on Joker role[Online].Available at: http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2008/01/24/2008-01-24_jack_nicholson_warned_heath_ledger_on_jo.html (Accessed: 31 October 2010) Newsrecord. (2008)Heath Ledger Was Changed by playing The Joker'[Online]. Available at: http://www.inoutstar.com/news/Heath-Ledger-Was-Changed-by-Playing-The-Joker-6583.html#nimg_16437 (Accessed: 31 October 2010) The Dark Knight (2008) was directed by Christopher Nolan and had a budget of $185,000,000. When writing the film, screenwriter David S. Goyer took influences from a few comic books rather than just one. In an interview he said: I think that there are elements from The Dark Knight, elements from The Long Halloween, elements from The Killing Joke. But its not like we were specifically adapting one specific comic book or comic book arc. (Goyer, 2008) In this film the joker has apprentices who are masked like clowns. These masks are very eerie; they allow the characters to be emotionless and cold; only showing the single expression that is drawn on their mask. Batmans fight scenes are bold and highly choreographed; this is a big contrast to the jokers style of fighting, which is very rash. This film is dominated by the Joker character; his scarred face is messily covered with make-up giving him a clown-like persona. This persona is confirmed by his greasy, green tinged hair, black eyes, smudged roughly outwards and his red creepy smile. His drawn on smile is covering thick badly raised scars. The white make-up which covers his face is uneven and always looks worn. His costumes are odd, purple velvet suits with a green shirt; this allows him to stand out against others, who mainly wear classic suits. Costume Designer, Lindy Hemming, wanted to create a younger trendier look, in order to represent Ledgers generation(Hemming, 2008). This costume also matches the comic books. His character is fearless and chillingly calm; I think this creates a great atmosphere and carries the film. Sound has a huge impact on this version of the film; dramatic music is played in the background, ticking noises are also frequently used, symbolising the rapid passing of time. However there are a few shots in the film which have no backing music or noise for that matter; this is a big contrast to the rest of the film and cleverly creates a maximum impact. One particular shot is of the Joker hanging himself out of a stolen police car that he is driving, I find this scene very chilling. After watching a documentary about the composers thoughts behind some of the music, I learnt that the sounds are based on the Joker character: Shots and clips were used to produce music that matched the jokers movements and personality. Punk influences were used and tones and noises were produced using two clashing notes of the cello, to give the feel of razorblades. (Zimmer, 2008) The sounds are unsettling and the composer wanted to create a sound which demonstrated rising tension. Uhlich, K (2008) Trickster Heaven, Two Face Hell: The Dark Knight [Online] Available at: http://www.slantmagazine.com/house/2008/07/trickster-heaven-two-faced-hell-the-dark-knight/ (Accessed: 3rd December 2010) Another hugely important character is Harvey Dent. He is Gothams golden boy who, by the end of the film, thanks to the Jokers words; I took Gothams white knight and brought him down, has been turned into a villain, Two Face. The effects for Two Face were created using digital make-up, in other words high use of CGI. A lot of shots in the setting are of buildings, the camera pans high above lots of skyscrapers as a link between scenes. The villains seem to always be lit darkly, where the lighting has a blue tinge. In conclusion, as the decades pass, technology improves and the budget for the films increase, which I think is due to the increase in film popularity. Each film stays true to the comics in different ways; the 1966 Batman is most like the comics in the fight scenes where they are quite graphical, with sounds entering the screen in text. However the make-up and costume doesnt match up and doesnt give enough of an impact. The 1989 Batman does match very well to the comic book images, make-up and costume-wise. It also has a great set which matches the buildings of Gotham city and really gives a feel that they are living in the comics. The Dark Knights special effects are by far the best and in my opinion I think the acting is best in this film. The joker is a crucial character in all three versions, particularly 1989 Batman and The Dark Knight. It is a matter of personal opinion which version is the best, however I agree with Slant magazine in preferring Health Ledgers chilling version: Eighteen years after Jack Nicholsons over-praised, distinctly Jack-ish personification of the dastardly purple-clad jester in Tim Burtons Batman, Ledger returns the character to his demented The Killing Joke graphic novel roots, conjuring up a transfixing, indelible portrait of our worst terrorist-extremist nightmares. (Schager, 2008) The Dark Knights acting and gothic feel matches well with the original comics, before they were made more camp to match the 1960s audience. The make-up takes a different direction to avoid copying Tim Burtons film, this however meant they needed to steer away slightly from the comic books. Overall, in order to achieve the perfect film version of the batman comics, you would need to combine, 1989s make-up, costume and set with The Dark Knights music, special effects and acting.

History of Slavery in the Caribbean Essay -- Caribbean Historical Essa

History of Slavery in the Caribbean The institution of slavery has played a major role in the history, and the shaping of the Caribbean. Therefore, in order to truly understand the Caribbean one must completely understand slavery itself. Slavery can be defined as belonging to a person, or being treated like a piece of property, and not having any individual freedom This was essentially the life many Africans lived for many centuries in the Caribbean . The master’s had total freedom and control over his or her slaves. As a result of this behavior they were able to run successful sugar plantations that resembled modern day factories. Until the end of the 18th century many sugar estates used the "gang" system. The owner treated hundreds of slaves as units of production. Many plantation owners had a very profitable and prosperous business, but it was expense of human lives. Slaves working in the sugar cane fields always faced the most brutal treatment. Due to the nature of cane farming, a lot of heaving lifting and back breaking cutting was necessary for many hours out of the da...

Mkt 421 Final Exam

1) According to the text, marketing means: A. Selling. B. Much more than selling and advertising. C. Producing and selling. D. Advertising. 2) For Tesla, a new firm that makes an electric sports car, estimating how many competitors will make electric vehicles and what kinds they will make, is: A. A production activity. B. One of the universal functions of innovation. C. An example of the micro-macro dilemma. D. A part of marketing. 3) Which of the following statements best describes the modern view of marketing? A. Marketing should take over production, accounting, and financial services within a firm.B. The job of marketing is to get rid of whatever the company is producing. C. Marketing is concerned with generating a single exchange between a firm and a customer. D. Marketing begins with anticipating potential customer needs. 4) Professional Dental Supply has been successfully selling dental instruments to dentists for the past 20 years, and has developed strong customer relations. When looking for new marketing opportunities, Professional Dental Supply will most likely look first at A. Market development. B. Diversification. C. Product development. D. Market penetration. ) To compete more successfully with its many competitors offering packaged cookies, Famous Amos added its own line of extra chunky premium cookies. This seems to be an effort at: A. Market development. B. Market penetration. C. Product development. D. Combination. 6) Which of the following statements regarding marketing strategies is FALSE? A. Developing successful marketing strategies does not need to be a hit-or-miss proposition. B. These strategies must meet the needs of target customers, and a firm is likely to get a competitive advantage if it just meets needs in the same way as some other firm. C.These strategies require decisions about the specific customers the firm will target and the marketing mix the firm will develop to appeal to that target market. D. It is useful to think of th e marketing strategy planning process as a narrowing-down process. 7) A firm's marketing mix decision areas would NOT include: A. Price B. People C. Product D. Promotion 8) Which of the following is true? A. The product P in the marketing mix stands for only tangible merchandise. B. The product P in the marketing mix stands for both physical goods and services. C. The product P in the marketing mix stands for both physical goods and tangible D.The product P in the marketing mix stands for only physical goods. 9) Product is NOT concerned with: A. Wholesale price. B. Branding. C. Packaging. D. Quality level. 10) Dell, Inc. wants to offer customers televisions in addition to computers. This is a change in their _____________________ A. personnel. B. promotional. C. product. D. pricing. 11) Hewlett-Packard sells personal computers through specialty computer stores, electronics superstores, and its own Internet site. The marketing mix variable that is being considered here is: A. Product . B. Placement. C. Promotional. D. Pricing. 2) The ______ area of the marketing mix is concerned with decisions about getting the right product to the target market when and where it is wanted. A. Promotion B. Place C. People D. Product 13) The main difference between a marketing strategy and a marketing plan is that: A. A marketing strategy provides more detail. B. A marketing strategy omits pricing plans. C. A marketing plan includes several marketing strategies. D. Time-related details are included in a marketing plan. 14) A marketing plan is: A. A marketing strategy—plus the time-related details for carrying it out. B. A target market and a related marketing mix.C. A marketing strategy. D. A marketing program. 15) Which of the following is part of a complete marketing plan? A. Competitors' marketing strategies. B. What company resources (costs) are required and at what rate. C. How different marketing mixes (for different target markets) relate to each other. D. All of th ese. 16) Marketing strategy planners should recognize that: A. Large firms like General Electric, Target, and Procter & Gamble are too large to aim at clearly defined markets. B. Target marketing is not limited to small market segments. C. Mass marketing is often very effective and desirable. D.Target markets should not be large and spread out. 17) Target marketing, in contrast to mass marketing, A. Ignores markets that are large and spread out. B. Focuses on fairly homogeneous market segments. C. Assumes that all customers are basically the same. D. Is limited to small market segments. 18) Good marketing strategy planners know that: A. Mass marketing is often very desirable and effective. B. The terms mass marketing and mass marketer mean basically the same thing. C. Target marketing does not limit one to small market segments. D. Firms like Nabisco and WalMart are too large to aim at clearly defined target markets. 9) ______________ is the process of naming broad product-markets a nd then segmenting these broad product-markets in order to select target markets and develop suitable marketing mixes. A. Mass marketing B. Market positioning C. Diversification D. Market segmentation 20) Clustering techniques applied to segmenting markets A. Usually require computers to group people based on data from market research. B. Remove the need for managerial judgment. C. Eliminate the need for marketing managers to specify in advance what dimensions might be relevant for grouping consumers. D. All of the above are true. 1) The process of naming broad product-markets and then segmenting them in order to select target markets and develop suitable marketing mixes is called: A. Market development. B. Market penetration. C. Market research. D. Market segmentation. 22) Procedures that develop and analyze new information to help marketing managers make decisions are called: A. Analytical research. B. Strategy planning. C. Marketing research. D. Operational planning. 23) ________ ________ ________________ utilizes qualitative and quantitative analysis procedures to help marketing managers make more informed decisions. A. Marketing structure.B. Marketing planning. C. Marketing research. D. Marketing processing. 24) A ______________ is an organized way of continually gathering and analyzing data to get information to help marketing managers make ongoing decisions. A. Marketing research project B. Marketing information system C. Marketing research department D. Marketing model 25) Marketing research which seeks structured responses that can be summarized is called: A. Qualitative research. B. Focus group research. C. Situation analysis research. D. Quantitative research. 26) One of the major disadvantages of the focus group interview approach is hat A. It is difficult to get in-depth information about the research topic. B. It is difficult to measure the results objectively. C. There is no interviewer, so the research questions may not be answered. D. Ideas gen erated by the group cannot be tested later with other research. 27) Focus groups: A. Always do a good job of representing the broader target market. B. Yield results that are largely dependent on the viewpoint of the researcher. C. Are expensive compared to other marketing research methods. D. Are usually composed of 10 to 15 people as participants. 28) The observing method in marketing research:A. Is used to gather data without consumers being influenced by the process. B. May require customers to change their normal shopping behavior. C. Is not suitable for obtaining primary data. D. Uses personal interviews. 29) The attitudes and behavior patterns of people are part of the A. Competitive environment. B. Social and cultural environment. C. Firm's resources and objectives. D. Political environment. 30) Which of the following statements about consumer products is true? A. Specialty products are those that customers usually are least willing to search for. B.Shopping products are tho se products for which customers usually want to use routinized buying behavior. C. Unsought products are not shopped for at all. D. Convenience products are those that customers want to buy at the lowest possible price. 31) ______________ is the process of naming broad product-markets and then segmenting these broad product-markets in order to select target markets and develop suitable marketing mixes. A. Mass marketing B. Strategic planning C. Market positioning D. Market segmentation 32) Which is the first step in market segmentation? A. Naming a broad product-market of interest to the firm.B. Evaluating market segments to determine if they are large enough. C. Finding one or two demographic characteristics to divide up the whole mass market. D. Clustering people with similar needs into a market segment. 33) The first step in market segmentation should be: A. Finding a demographic group likely to use your products. B. Defining some broad product-markets where you may be able to op erate profitably. C. Deciding what new product you could develop. D. Evaluating what segment(s) you currently serve. 34) Which of the following is NOT one of the text's product life cycle stages?A. Market introduction B. Market growth C. Market maturity D. Market penetration 35) The product life cycle: A. Applies more to individual brands than to categories or types of products. B. Shows that sales and profits tend to move together over time. C. Describes the stages a new product idea goes through from beginning to end. D. Has five major stages. 36) Tom and Sally Jones are preparing to purchase a new car. He currently has a Toyota Camry and she has a Honda Accord. They now have two children under age 5, so they plan to trade in Sally's car to purchase a minivan.Sally and Tom decided on a Honda Odyssey because Sally is familiar with Hondas and thinks they are very reliable. In this purchase situation, Tom and Sally's family life cycle stage is a _____________ segmentation dimension, and the benefit Sally seeks (reliability) is a _____________ segmentation dimension. A. Geographic; behavioral. B. Demographic; geographic. C. Geographic; demographic. D. Demographic; behavioral. 37) Regarding product life cycles, which of the following is NOT true? A. It is usually expensive for a new firm to enter in the market maturity stage. B.Industry profits are likely to level off or decline before sales level off. C. The level of promotion usually decreases in market maturity because there is less revenue to cover the cost. D. Many close substitutes are usually competing in the market maturity stage. 38) An industry's sales have leveled off and profits are declining in oligopolistic competition. Consumers see competing products as homogeneous. Several firms have dropped out of the industry, but a new one entered recently. Firms in the industry are trying to avoid price-cutting by spending on persuasive advertising.These firms are competing in which stage of the product life cycle? A. Market introduction B. Market growth C. Market maturity D. Market development 39) During the market introduction stage of the product life cycle: A. Funds are being invested in marketing with the expectation of future profits. B. Considerable money is spent on promotion while place development is left until later stages. C. Products usually show large profits if marketers have successfully carved out new markets. D. Most potential customers are quite anxious to try out the new-product concept. 40) Advertising allowances A.Set the allowance amount as a percent of the retailer's actual purchases. B. Are price reductions to firms further along in the channel to encourage them to advertise or otherwise promote the firm's products locally. C. Involve intermediaries and producers sharing in the cost of ads. D. Allow for coordination and integration of ad messages in the channel. 41) SGCA is having a sales contest to encourage retailers to quickly reduce the inventory of SuperGam er computers. Retailers with the highest sales during the next month win an expense paid trip to a special dealer meeting at a resort in Hawaii. This is A.An example of a producer using sales promotion in the channel. B. Probably illegal because it might encourage price competition among retailers. C. An example of cooperative advertising. D. The type of promotion that continues to impact sales even after the promotion is over. 42) While watching a television program, Liza gets a phone call just as a commercial is starting. She presses the mute button on the television's remote control and takes the call, so she pays no attention to the commercial. In terms of the communication process, the telephone call is an example of: A. Feedback. B. Noise. C. Encoding.D. Decoding. 43) A producer using very aggressive promotion to get final consumers to ask intermediaries for a new product has: A. A pushing policy. B. A target marketing policy. C. A pulling policy D. A selective distribution po licy. 44) American Tourister, Inc. —a producer of luggage—is planning to introduce a new product line. The marketing manager is having her sales force call on retailers to explain American Tourister's consumer advertising plans, the unique features of the new luggage, how the distributors can best promote it, and what sales volume and profit margins they can reasonably expect.This is an example of: A. A pushing policy. B. Intensive distribution. C. A pulling policy. D. Selective distribution. 45) Integrated direct-response promotion: A. Is not necessary or useful when the channel of distribution involves intermediaries. B. Is usually part of a pushing effort rather than part of a pulling approach. C. Focuses on achieving a measurable, direct response from specific target customers. D. None of these are true. 46) Which of the following statements about positioning is NOT TRUE? A. It helps marketing managers know how customers view the firm's offering. B.It refers to how customers think about proposed or present brands in a market. C. It often makes use of techniques such as perceptual mapping. D. Positioning issues are especially important when competitors in a market are very dissimilar. 47) When segmenting broad product-markets, cost considerations tend A. To lead to a large number of small, but very homogeneous, product-market segments. B. To lead to more aggregating. C. To encourage managers to disregard the criterion that a product-market segment should be substantial. D. To be unimportant as long as the segmenting dimensions are operational. 48) Positioning analysis A.Shows that managers and customers usually view present brands similarly. B. Is not a product-oriented approach. C. Helps managers understand the actual characteristics of their products. D. Is a visual aid to understanding a product-market. 49) A _____ is a market with very similar needs and sellers offering various close substitute ways of satisfying those needs. A. Product-ma rket B. Target market C. Generic market D. Standard market 50) Which of the following is NOT a trend affecting marketing strategy planning in the area of international marketing? A. Decreasing role of airfreight. B. Global communication over the Internet.C. Tensions between have and have-not cultures. D. More attention to exporting by small companies. 51) When a company grows globally, this is an example of: A. Market penetration. B. Diversification. C. Market development D. Product development. 52) Identify the incorrect statement about sales promotions. A. The availability of more ad agencies and specialists has spurred growth in sales promotions. B. Changes in technology have made sales promotions more efficient. C. Sales promotions have increased because of competition in emerging markets. D. Sales promotions can be used as tools to overcome consumer price resistance. 3) Which of the following is a key trend affecting marketing strategy planning? A. Growth of marketing informati on systems. B. Less use of technology in personal selling. C. Senior and ethnic submarkets are getting smaller. D. Slower new-product development. 54) It is usually the _________ job, perhaps with help from specialists in technology, to decide what types of sales technology tools are needed and how they will be used. A. Purchasing manager's B. Marketing executive's C. Sales manager's D. Procurement manager's 55) The future poses many challenges for marketing managers because: A.Social responsibility applies only to firms—not to consumers. B. New technologies are making it easier to abuse consumers' rights to privacy. C. It is marketing managers who have full responsibility to preserve our macro-marketing system. D. The marketing concept has become obsolete. 56) Many Internet sites, such as Autobytel. com and Edmunds. com, have extensive information about the prices of new and used vehicles that anyone can use for free. In light of the availability of this information, what is the responsibility of consumers to use it? A. Consumers should not trust any information they receive from any source except the government.B. Consumers should not use it because it gives them an unfair advantage over car dealers. C. Consumers can use it, but should not feel a responsibility to do so. D. Consumers have a responsibility to use the information and be smarter customers. 57) Which of the following statements about ethical behavior in business is true? A. The legal environment sets the normative standards of ethical behavior. B. The legal environment sets the highest standards of ethical behavior. C. The legal environment sets the minimum standards of ethical behavior D. The legal environment sets the maximum standards of ethical behavior.

Famous Person Speech Essay Example

Famous Person Speech Essay Example Famous Person Speech Essay Famous Person Speech Essay Good evening everyone, my name is Joe Ferguson and this is my famous person speech. Was born August 5th, 1937 in a small town know as Saint Paul, Minnesota. I spent my childhood learning to play ice hockey and before long, my school, Johnson High school won the 1 955 state hockey championship. This accomplishment further ignited my drive to learn and advance in the game of hockey. I graduated high school in 1 955 and moved on to play for the University of Minnesota Gophers from 1955 to 1959. Following my college career I tried out for the 1 960 mens Olympic hockey team, but unfortunately kissing the final spot on the roster; however, that did not deter me from trying again to play in the Olympics. Kept my persistence of enhancing my attributes in hockey, participating in multiple US nation league games, and in 1964, at the age of 27, I finally got my chance to play in the Olympics for the United States of America. A few years later I retired as a player, but could not leave the game of hockey behind me, taking a head coaching position at the University of Minnesota where I quickly won three NCAA national championships in 1 974, 76 and 79. Soon after winning my third National Hampshire, I was asked to coach the Mens Olympic Ice hockey team for the 1980 Olympics held in Lake Placid, New York. Hand-picking my own team I achieved my greatest accomplishment winning the gold medal. Moving on from the 1 980 Olympic Games, moved out to Switzerland to coach a group of men out there for about a year before getting the opportunity to come back to the Elicited States and coach for the Nils New York Rangers in 1 981 through 1985. My coaching career bounced around the National Hockey League before ending in Pittsburgh, coaching for the Penguins in the year 000. : Moving away from the head coaching position, stayed involved in the Penguins organization doing scout work up until August 1 1 , 2002 when I nodded off at the wheel, hitting a tree a resulting in my death. Was a couple days over 66 years old at the time of my death.

Cancer Prevention and Treatments essays

Cancer Prevention and Treatments essays Mitosis and cancer are closely related in that without the process of mitosis, cancer would not exist. Mitosis is a form of cell division in which one cell becomes two. Our bodies are made up of cells and each cell contains genes that determine how our cells grow, function and die. Since mitosis is the process in which our cells replicate themselves and make copies of it's own DNA, cancers can be caused by mutations that occur during this process. Once this occurs, these new mutated cells do not act like "normal" cells and can multiply as long as they have a regular food and oxygen supply. (1) A recent drug used in the treatment of colon cancer is Avastin, also known as Bevacizumab. Avastin is administered by injection and is an antiangiogenic agent, which works by essentially starving the tumor or cancer cells. This drug stops the formation of blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to tumors, therefore possibly slowing their growth. Avastin has a long list of side effects including fainting, loss of appetite, heartburn, weight loss and dry mouth. Many of these side effects are common and seen with other drugs used in cancer treatment. However, some potentially life-threatening side effects are the potential development of holes in the wall of your stomach or intestine, the slow healing of wounds, stroke, heart problems, and kidney issues.(2). While I have mixed feelings about this treatment, I am sure that these potential side effects are typical of most cancer treatment plans. I think it's important to continue the testing of these drugs and that as long as a pe rson is made fully aware of the potential side effects it should be left up to the individual and his or her doctor. As with any medication, most benefits outweigh the potentially negative side effects. There are a number of lifestyle changes that can be made to help prevent cancer such as avoiding alcohol, tobacco, practicing sun safety, eating right and exercis...

Alcohol Ban and Devolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Alcohol Ban and Devolution - Essay Example With 23,000 incidents of alcohol-fuelled violence each week with relevant elevated alcohol consumption trends (Leifman, 2001), the agency has proposed that existing laws are enforced to reduce the incidence of alcohol-related violence on the streets and on public transportation. England's objective of reducing the harm caused by alcohol misuse is recognized and focuses on the prevention, minimisation, and management of the harms caused by alcohol misuse. These measures addressed in its objectives aims to identify alcohol misuse and the enforcement of existing powers against crime and disorder and promotion of responsible drinking. Under the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 (CDA98) and Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships (CDRPs) the partnership of both agencies is held responsible in the consideration of crime and disorder issues in their own core activities that improve safety and security in local neighborhoods. Criminal Justice Boards and Youth Offending and the Drug and Alcohol A ction Teams shall be a voluntary forum for coordination of local priorities. They are tasked to bring together the key local agencies with an interest in reducing the harms caused by alcohol misuse: the health service, the criminal justice system and the local authority. With the support of the Scottish Executive for a complete ban in on alcohol consumption in public places, (The Herald, July 19, 2006) the proposal, has spawned public outburst. Festivities organizers and popular across Wales and Scotland and gaming grounds personnel rallied against the ban with arguments pointed out that such is the breach on human rights while legislative proposals control the sale and purchase of alcohol (Scotland Bill on Alcohol). It is apparent that Scottish culture towards drinking in a study (SSA, 2004) has often prevailed over a perceived problem of alcohol misuse. A majority believed though that drinking should not be allowed in public places including public parks, football matches, in the street and on trains. With this thought in mind, the Scottish Executive has proposed their own policies that set rules against "irresponsible promotions and providing stringent licensing measures that prohibit the sale of alcohol to minors and operator a "no proof, no sale policy". Further, the licensing boards are tasked to oversee according to their own discretion, the issuance or refusal of alcohol on licensed premises. The UK policy and strategies on alcohol ban may not be applicable to Wales and Scotland simply on the grounds of the distribution of legislative power to both. Unless Wales and Scotland decides to adopt the laws implemented by the UK on its citizenry, alcohol ban which has been forced to play second fiddle to a smoking ban may never be heavily implemented particularly within Scottish laws for their own obvious reasons that are cited above and in particular the allowance and transfer of legislative powers are decentralized and distributed on the local level or crea tion of laws and its necessary implementation.

Ip4 managing high performance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ip4 managing high performance - Research Paper Example For instance, the human resource manager would solely focus on day-to-day welfare of employees. In spite of the fact that this strategy will compromise on the morale of employees, there are many ways of tackling this challenge. In the new arrangement, the human resource manager should solely focus on the welfare of employees by linking with department representatives (Burton & Obel, 2004). The choice of managers should follow a meritocratic process that prioritizes on current managers with longer experiences. In addition, the selection process should focus on managers who have come up with milestone ideas in the past. The organization should minimize conflicts by creating a structure whereby the lower-level managers can constantly interact with the upper-level managers. The managers should assure the employees that the levels of management separate on the basis of different responsibilities rather on the basis on prestige (Lumpe, 2008). In the end, this strategy will cover up for the costs of having a new administrative structure. This is because managers will possess distinct duties that they focus on the

Bargaining Goals, Bargaining Processes, and Bargaining Outcomes Term Paper

Bargaining Goals, Bargaining Processes, and Bargaining Outcomes - Term Paper Example The first declaration was made on 16th February, 2005 by the commissioner of the National Hockey League, Gary Bettman. Abandonment of the season of NHL due to a dispute happening out of a disagreement on collective bargaining amid the owners of the league and the union of players’ was stated (Chan & Et. Al., â€Å"The NHL Lockout†). The sport of hockey was always on a remote fourth when it came to the extent of popularity in contrast with the other major sports’ league of the nation. It was predicted that due to the cancellation of the season, it will push away the league from the screen of the radar. The damage due to the lockout not only affected the business partners and the fans but also the huge number of people who earned their livelihoods from the industry (ESPN, â€Å"Lockout Over Salary Cap Shuts Down NHL†). Therefore, in this study the causes and the outcomes of the lockout will be investigated in details. About NHL The National Hockey League sta rted to be played from the year 1917. The NHL was structured in Canada 30 years prior to 1917. The NHL was successful in creating itself to be the leading hockey league in North America and began expanding in 1967 by adding more teams to its ‘Original Six’ and they were Chicago, Montreal, Detroit, Boston, Toronto and New York. Presently, the NHL includes 30 teams out of which most are in the United States and the rest are in Canada. The NHL was counted among the four most important sports leagues of America which included the National Football League (NFL), the Major League Baseball and the National Basketball Association (NBA). Although being in the most important leagues of America, the sport of hockey always ranked fourth in popularity. This was partially because of the fact that the other three games i.e. baseball, football and basketball had an extensive appeal, the sport of hockey had mostly niche audience. Majority of the hockey fans were found in the northern Un ited States and in Canada. This was because of the cold climate that facilitated developing an attention in ice hockey. The uniqueness of the sport of hockey appeals more to its reactionary fans compared to the public in general. For instance, it is only in the sport of hockey where it is legitimate for the players to fight with one another throughout the game. It was however argued by the reactionary fans that fighting was an element of entertainment and necessity in the game whereas the casual spectators were shocked by it. Efforts were made to lessen the violence in the NHL in attempt to make it more appealing to the general public. This endeavor proved to be unsuccessful as it was not only futile in attracting new viewers but also incurred loss on loyal fan-following of NHL. This and a range of other different reasons declined the popularity of the game in the current years. The networks of television after becoming aware of the meager ratings with regard to televised hockey red uced the shows of the game to the extent where the sport had become nearly immaterial. Thus, the reaction in general to the news of lockout was a combination of unresponsiveness and acceptance (Chan & Et. Al., â€Å"The NHL Lockout†). The Lockout of 2004-05 The NHL encountered the first lockout prior to the season of 1994-95. The disagreement was however settled and an agreement of collective

Egypt Art History Essay Example for Free

Egypt Art History Essay The materials used to create these sculptures symbolized the pharaoh’s timelessness and eternal life, the body of the pharaohs symbolized the power given to them by God, and the formal design qualities showed the religious and political qualities in the statues. The statue of Khafre and Akhenaton reflects the political and religious climates of their time through the use of medium which symbolized the pharaoh’s eternal life and timelessness, and through formal qualities which symbolized the hidden religious meanings inside the sculpture. The seated statue of Khafre reflects the political and religious climates of his time through the statue’s medium, function, formal qualities of design, and iconography. The statue is made of diorite, an extremely valuable, un-breakable stone, which symbolizes Khafre’s unwavering power as pharaoh. Khafre’s body shows that this was how a king was supposed to be portrayed, a perfect divine being that is flawless. The intertwined lotus and papyrus plants symbolize the unification of Egypt. Horus the sky god is shown extending his protective wings to shelter the pharaoh’s head. The statue plays an important role in the afterlife, it served as a resting place for the pharaoh’s ka, his life force that accompanied him even in the afterlife. The Statue of Akhenaton showed the political and religious climate that he ruled in through the use of formal qualities, and iconography. Akhenaton’s statue was made of sandstone, different than the un-breakable stone that Khafre’s statue was made of that symbolized his divine power as king. The use of sandstone here shows the abandonment of old kingdom practices. Akhenaton’s body is extremely different and shows him as an androgynous figure attempting to portray as Aton, the sexless sun disk. This statue symbolizes the change in religion, from a polytheistic based belief, to a monotheistic religion centered on the worship of Aten, or Aton, the sun god. The statues of Khafre enthroned, and Akhenaton from the temple of Aton, reflect the political and religious climates of their time. The formal qualities of both statues represent their political stand and their religious views. Although they are very different, they are also very similar at the same time. Enthroned Khafre shows him as an idealized being with a perfect body that portrays him as a deity and shows his power as pharaoh. The statue of Akhenaton on the other hand, shows himself as a realistic being with curved hips and female like figures. Although he does not look like an idealized being like in the old kingdom, he is still portrayed as a deity trying to imitate the sexless sun God Aton. Akhenaton was able to be portrayed as a deity despite his realistic form due to his political power and his ability to change the country’s religion. The statue of Khafre and Akhenaton both reflected their political and religious climates through the statue’s medium, formal qualities, and iconography. These statues although very different, are very similar in portraying how a king was portrayed in different times and yet still looked like a deity.

LEADING CHANGE: Analysing The Change Agents Role

LEADING CHANGE: Analysing The Change Agents Role This essay focuses on introducing change in the organization. It looks into the change agents role; the positives and negatives on the personal front. It also critically analyses how much power lies in the hands of the senior management in implementing change in an organization. A case study has been incorporated into the report to understand how managers implement changes or imbibe them into the organization in real life. CHANGE AGENT According to the Oxford Dictionary, Change is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦to make or become differentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Recently, multinational corporations (MNCs) have been facing a lot of changes in their strategic direction as well as their day to day activities. (Stone, 2008) Generally, corporations have experienced a lot of resistance to change from their employees. In order to ensure that the change is incorporated smoothly into the organization, the recognition of a Change Agents role becomes essential. A change agent, by definition is, A person who acts as a catalyst for change. (Stone, 2008) There is a deep connection between leading and changing the organization. As Ahn rightly put it; The avoidance of change has been described as the opposite of leadership. (Jick et al, 2003) Leadership involves motivating a group of people and aligning their interests towards a common goal in the aim of achieving it. Change agents could be anyone in the organization who is the driving force behind the change. For Instance, the CEO of the company would be recognized as a change agent on several occasions or a consultant may be hired; who acts as the agent as well. (Jick et al, 2003). The change agents competitive advantage lies at his/her ability to act in response to the change. There are three general types of responses one can expect from a change agent. (Ulrich et al, 1997) Initiative Changes, whereby the change agent responds by bringing into the organization; new procedures or projects. This is basically done at the strategic level. The second type of response is Process Change. This occurs more at the operational level; where the change agent focuses on how the task is being carried out; and whether the work can be simplified or distributed; based on the organizational structure. The last type of response is the Cultural Change. It transforms the organizations way of thinking. (Ulrich et al, 1997) POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF A CHANGE AGENTS JOB Change agents are most susceptible to change themselves. (Jick et al, 2003) The agents go through a variety of positive and negative emotions and issues while dealing with implementing change in the organization. Firstly, the most obvious issue change agents face will be the resistance to change by the employees. This occurs irrespective of how well/not the agent handles his job. Someone, somewhere, at some point in time during the implementation will have a thought process which does not align to that of the others. This leads us to the secondary issue, which is frustration. In case the change introduced by the agent backfires, he would be the first person the organization will blame. The agent would feel isolated and might even get de-motivated at the thought that the plan he introduced did not work out. (Jick et al, 2003) Though the negative issues do seem to give an impression that the change agents job is always dreary, its often counteracted by positive challenges and emotions. The adrenaline rush of having transformed an organization successfully because of that change is a huge plus point. Change cannot be decided by one person; hence requiring the agent to involve himself in a lot of interaction with his employees by which new relationships develop. Often, when the agents look in retrospect, they find that they have gone a long way, and the factor of self fulfillment shows up. With every step, the agents would have utilized their strengths, opportunities and overcome their weaknesses and threats. (Jick et al, 2003) POWER AND CHANGE Power is defined as; The ability to influence various outcomes. (Bowditch and Buono, 2005: 195). This statement makes it clearer there is a close relationship between power and change in the organization. French and Raven (1959) came with a power base table which can be applied to change management. (Graetz et al 2002: 242-3) This basically deals with power and change in terms of top down approach. There are five types of powers of which one or two of them might lie with the management responsible for the change. Reward Power, whereby the managers reward the employees for their co-operation; Coercive Power, which means the employees get punished for non compliance; Referent Power, where personal relationships are used against them to follow the change; Expert Power, where specialist knowledge is required to understand the change procedures and reason for attempting them. The last power is the Legitimate Power, where change is decided by the senior staff and seems necessary for success. (Jick et al, 2003) This approach lays emphasis on implementation, and is a lot faster. The major disadvantage here is that resistance will arise from employees and middle level managers. Organizations generally rely on internal managers or external consultants to introduce change. Consultants are preferred since they have a neutral attitude towards the situation; and may be a lot more skilled and knowledgeable in the area. It would be a good idea to combine both of them i.e.; have internal managers as well as external consultants. (Stone, 2008) In contrast to the French and Raven power base, another strategy might be to hand over the power to the employees. This is the bottom up approach. While it encourages employee participation and reduces uncertainty on their part; it is very time consuming. (Stone, 2008) CASE STUDY Dennis Hightower was Disneys newly elected vice president for Europe. He was required to develop a different business strategy that was something totally different than what had been done in the past. He was given a time limit of three months. Walt Disney started off as a small company in the entertainment industry and emerged as one of the top most in recent times. They reported overall revenue of $3 billion dollars. A particular division in the company; Disney Consumer Products (DCP) reported $167 million of division revenue. Soon after, this division was involved in international licensing. The market was very diverse with complex environments. Hightower had formulated a certain strategy in mind. This report focuses more on the way he implemented it across the organization. He followed the Squeaky Wheelchair Theory; which meant he got involved into the situation only when there was a problem. Rather than ordering his team members on how its done; he persuaded them to see the logic and how each of their contributions added value to it. Loyalty was a key factor in his method. He trusted his team enough to let them make their own decisions to a great extent. This helped him ensure he had his teams support and all their goals were on the same track. Disney underwent a radical change, where fundamental changes were produced in the organization. Its generally more threatening than an incremental change. (Where the changes involved are on a small scale; for example, modifications in the day to day operations, etc.) This change was planned as well; which meant the change was implemented in an organized manner by the change agent. In essence, Hightower was the change agent; who tackled the above stated issue in a way which led to higher profits for the company. (Jick et al, 2003) CONCLUSION A change agent is thus very important in the introduction, leading and managing the change in the organization. Its very important to find the right person at the right time as it can make or break the situation. Positive and negative issues occur in every job and the change agent is no exception. Its important for the change agent to take up challenges such as resistance and try and make them work in his/her favor. The relationship between power and change is debatable, but finally, what counts is what exact change the organization is planning to undertake; if its a situation which is of strategic importance, its better for the top management to decide. The case study showed us one of the real life examples of change management.